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Furthermore, there were significant differences in therapists' educational background as there were more psychologists in the TF-CBT condition (p < .001), and the TF-CBT therapists had significantly more participant cases compared to TAU (p < .001).001
In this study, we investigated 1,786 RA cases and 1,029 controls which were included in EIRA from 1996 to 2004 and had available DNA (88% of all participant cases and matched controls).
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Matching is only possible when there are comparison group cases whose values on the control variables correspond with those for each participant case.
These were incentives, communication strategies, new questionnaire format, participant case management, behavioural and methodological interventions.
Four trials evaluated strategies to improve retention, these were: participant case management, behavioural and non-monetary incentive strategies.
Observational bias could have occurred since the interviewer was not blinded and the status of the participant (case or control) was known to the interviewer.
The analysis of participation bias included 66 cases (43 full-participant and 23 partial-participant) and 136 controls (56 and 80), with 652 measurements of outdoor benzene concentrations (135 and 175 from full-participant cases and controls; 81 and 261 from partial-participant cases and controls).
Three cases and five controls were excluded from one or more analyses due to lack of complete measurement sets in all seasonal series, and although 89% and 83% of full-participant cases and controls did adhere to all four seasonal surveys, only 37%and4343% of them had four repeated analysable observations.
Outdoor benzene levels were lower among participant controls compared with non-participants, but did not differ between participant and non-participant cases; the direction of the bias was found to depend on the cut-point chosen to distinguish exposed and unexposed.
Benzene concentrations near the homes of full-participant controls were significantly lower than those in proximity of partial-participants' dwellings (OR=0.88; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.97), adjusting for gender, age, season and place of residence, while there was no difference in ambient benzene levels between participant and non-participant cases (OR=0.95; 95% CI 0.82 to 1.09).
During follow-up, all participants (cases and controls) were examined every 6 months.
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