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University undergraduates taking part in a cold pressor procedure were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) participant alone (n=30), or (2) observer present (n=34).
The caregiver then left the participant alone in the test washroom and discreetly observed him/her from the hallway.
Re-using research data uncritically, or labelling it with object identifiers often runs contrary to the highly personalised material that is being explored, which belongs to both the researcher and his/her participants at the very least and in some cases to the research participant alone, who is sharing it with the researcher in good faith.
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For 15 minutes, the team left participants alone in a lab room in which they could push a button and shock themselves if they wanted to.
(If the same test is done with the naïve participants alone, the results are essentially the same: mean = .92 for in situ versus.83 for ex situ, t(13) = 3.78, p = .003).003
At the final workshop, ground rules were agreed about keeping participants' opinions and disclosures confidential to the workshop participants alone and respecting alternative viewpoints.
Moreover, among female participants alone, former abductees reported a significantly lower median age at sexual debut (15 vs. 16 years, p = 0.009) than non-abductees.
Participants alone provided self-report of capability in daily activities in 84% (706/841) of cases with proxy informants also contributing in a further 12% (105/841) and for 4% (30/841) proxy informants alone provided information.
This subgroup analysis was possible in seven comparisons, and the subgroups of physician participants alone frequently had less heterogeneity than when grouped with all studies, suggesting participants may be a source of heterogeneity (Additional file 2: Figure S1).
To show the longitudinal improvements of physical activity in addition to the presented non-communicable diseases of a large number of adults within normal communities, no studies with subsamples or unhealthy participants alone were considered.
Some conflicts cannot be solved by the participants alone, and mediators can help.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com