At neurula stage, the labeling was detected in the majority of cells from the future posterior part of larva.
Total genomic DNA was extracted from legs or abdomens of adult sawflies or parts of larvae following a standard CTAB protocol.
N. attenuata produces other JA-regulated defenses, such as DTGs [49], which require substantial metabolic efforts on the part of the larvae to detoxify.
The bacterial suspension (100 µl) was injected into the base of a crayfish walking leg, and 10 µl of the bacterial suspension or insect Ringer solution was injected using Ultra-Fine needle, 31G×8 mm, (BD Micro-Fine) into the abdominal part of Tenebrio larvae at the position between the third and the second segments.
The most prominent set, the abfrontal dorso-ventral musculature, is located in the abfrontal part of the larvae, originating around the anus and running close to the hindgut, straight to the dorsal body wall (Figs. 5e; 6a, b).
That unoccupied fresh food is apparently the least powerful reward appears plausible, because in a Petri dish assay digging into the substrate, as part of the larvae's attempts to find shelter, is easier if the food is softened by the past-presence or is cracked-up by the efforts of acutely present other larvae (or of any other agent of decay, we hesitate to add).
In the posterior part of the larva there is expression in the endoderm, mainly in the anus, as well as in the tailbud.
The larva was placed on its ventrum on a metal rod and immobilized by wrapping Parafilm around the rod and the body, exposing only the very anterior part of the larva containing the domes of the dorsal organs.
A relative prominent muscle pair, the longitudinal frontal organ muscle, runs in parallel to the frontal organ retractor muscles, extends further, and nearly reaches the abfronto-dorsal part of the larva (Fig. 5a-d).
Additional dorso-ventral muscle pairs are found in the medio-frontal part of the larva and run towards the apical organ (Figs. 5a, b; 6a, b; frontal dorso-ventral muscles) and into the foot (Figs. 5a, d, f; 6a, b; pedal dorso-ventral muscles).
