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However, the purchasing power parity model is a useful tool in determining long-term economic trends.
Some economists and reporters tried to downplay this incident, arguing that the purchasing power parity model used to demonstrate China's higher GDP does not reflect real GDP.
In all adjusted analyses, we adjusted for maternal age and parity (model 1).
On the other hand, an association was found when using a model which included interactions between the genes and parity (model 3).
Then, additional covariates were added in subsequent models: adjustment for age and parity (model 2), adjustment for model 2 variables plus SES (model 3), adjustment for model 2 variables plus smoking (model 4) and adjustment for all variables simultaneously (model 5).
For GDM with the WHO criteria, ethnic minority origin was an independent predictor (overall, P=0.026; South Asians, OR 2.24 (95% CI 1.26 3.97); Middle Eastern women, 2.13 (1.12–4.08)) when adjusted for age, prepregnant BMI and parity (model A; Table 3).
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In the separate parity models (step 1 of the statistical analysis), none of the sow-effects came out significant.
Except for modifying effect of parity, models were also adjusted for age at first birth, number of full-term pregnancies and breastfeeding.
The same potentially confounding factors were evaluated as in the parity models, and only minor changes in the regression coefficient of the 'menarche-to-first birth' interval were observed.
Final models for both outcomes included gestational age, low birth weight (< 2,500 g), maternal social class, and maternal education, as well as sex, study region, and region of origin; models of mental score also included child care attendance and parity; models of psychomotor score also included maternal prepregnancy BMI.
The between-parity model in this study was an example where animal models failed, whereas S-MGS models performed well.
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