Although family characteristics (parental antisociality), parenting behaviors, and CD were associated, our hypothesis that parenting behaviors would explain the relationship between parental antisociality and CD was not supported.
In Step 3 (parental model) parental depression and parenting behaviors were added to the baseline model (minus the hardship measures).
Finally, research in the parental psychological resource domain suggests that parental depression and parenting behaviors have implications for child health [46], [47], [48].
Finally, parental depression and parenting behaviors were associated with child health, and part of the effect of parental depression on health was explained by its association with parenting behaviors.
In Step 3 (parental model), parental depression and positive parenting behaviors were added to the baseline model (minus the hardship measures).
Medical need and food insufficiency had negative effects on child health, and indirect effects on health through their association with parental depression and parenting behaviors.
Some family characteristics (parental antisociality) and parenting behaviors (levels of family activities and negative discipline) were characteristic of girls with CD, but notll.
Additionally, the model was used to examine the association of income poverty with parental depression, and the correlation between parental depression and positive parenting behaviors.
Furthermore, we examined parent adolescent agreement regarding parenting behaviors as well as parental psychopathology and parental stress.
First, income poverty had a direct effect on health status, and an indirect effect through its association with material hardship, parental depressive affect, and parenting behaviors.
Furthermore, we argue that material hardship, parental depressive affect and parenting behaviors will mediate the effect of income poverty on child health status.
