We used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to investigate group differences in parenting behavior, parental psychopathology, and parental stress between the groups.
This has led to the studies that investigate parental history, parenting behavior, and familial environments concurrently [ 54, 55].
The parental model included parental depression and parenting behavior and baseline model.
Alaimo and colleagues [ 28] postulate biological mechanisms, stressor effects, and indirect associations through modified parental emotions and parenting behavior.
Parental distress may impact parenting behavior, leading to less sensitive, intrusive, and more negative parenting [ 35].
Second, besides marital functioning, another construct worth exploring when considering the relation between parental anxiety and coparenting is parenting behavior.
Infant's temperamental difficulty and low sustained attention may interact with parenting behavior to influence children's emotional and behavioral outcome [ 37].
Future studies should add behavioral observations as independent measures of parenting behavior and study the temporal course of parenting and mental health in longitudinal studies.
Parenting behavior was measured with the parent-reported Parental Behavior Scale, short version (PBS) [ 16] (time 1, 2 and 3).
The Zurich Short Questionnaire on Parental Behavior (ZKE) [ 36] assesses three aspects of parenting behavior from the parents' and children's perspective.
Specifically, we will test whether, as predicted, the preparatory program leads to increased parental availability and whether the parent-child interaction sessions lead to improved parenting behavior.
