A second species concept is the phylogenetic species concept (PSC), which was defined by Cracraft (1983): "A species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent".
The phylogenetic species concept (PSC) holds that a species is "the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent" (Cracraft 1983, 170).
Under the PSC sensu Cracraft [ 43], a species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.
Under the diagnostic version of the PSC, geographic variants that show "a parental pattern of ancestry and descent" are considered full species.
In conclusion, many, perhaps most geographic races in polytypic species of Heliconiini form "irreducible (basal) clusters of organisms, diagnosably distinct from other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent" [ 55, 56].
At any given portion of the genome, two siblings can share zero, one or two of their parental chromosomes identical by descent (IBD).
We notate that allele frequency as will be the proportion of the existing S copies that trace their descent from the parental copy s that existed in stage k.
The observed gaps in the consensus map may, on the other hand, be caused by identity-by-descent of the parental genotypes in these genomic regions.
Consanguinity can be revealed by AOH, because multiple regions of AOH are expected to be present in individuals from inbred populations, representing chromosomal segments that are identical by descent after transmission through parental lineages.
We found a significantly higher number of cis -acting eQTL genes (CEGs) were in regions that were not identical by descent (IBD) between the parental inbred mouse lines used to construct the mouse crosses.
