To test this hypothesis, we used parentage assignments in the chimpanzee communities and published human data sets to compare sex differences in effective population size in both species.
Data from two nuclear markers confirm the identities of the second progenitors of each of the allopolyploids, and unambiguously support the "semicristata" hypothesis for their parentage.
Observation of spawning behavior and quantization of egg production over many years indicated no significant evidence to the contrary (K. McClune, HSWRI, unpublished data), but in the absence of multi-year among-pool parentage data, this remains a hypothesis.
Phylogenetic analyses of plastid sequence data allowed us to identify one parent of each of the allopolyploids, and our findings support a hypothesis for their parentage that includes the existence of a previously-proposed missing diploid progenitor taxon, "D.
Ever since the first cytological evaluations of the allopolyploid taxa in this complex [ 13, 21, 51], various lines of evidence have stimulated the development of numerous hypotheses to explain these species' relationships and parentage (Table 1, Figure 1).
Both of these relationships are at odds with early explanations for the two tetraploids' parentage [ 20, 29], but are congruent with more recent hypotheses, including the "semicristata" scheme and others.
The key difference between the "semicristata" hypothesis and competing explanations for the group's history is the putative parentage of D. cristata and D. carthusiana.
Our analyses support all predictions of the "semicristata" hypothesis first proposed by Stanley Walker [ 13, 22, 23] for the parentage of the allopolyploids, and we reject several competing explanations for these species' origins.
In studies on parentage assignment with both parents unknown, the exclusion power of a marker set is generally computed under the hypothesis that the potential families tested are independent and unrelated samples.
