Male alternative reproductive tactics are common among fishes and range from parasitic spawning behaviours such as sneaking, egg piracy and female mimicry to cooperative breeding between satellite and territorial males [reviewed in [ 3, 4, 16- 19]].
It's more common for researchers to call this behaviour parasitic, he says.
Variation in learning and memory performance, both between and within species, may have large implications for host-finding behaviour in parasitic wasps, and likely represents an important evolutionary adaptation to changing environmental conditions (Hoedjes et al., 2011).
If multiple parasitism exacerbates puncturing behaviour, this would provide an additional route through which parasitic competition can promote virulence [ 12].
They prove the benefits of the developed DLL when designing holographic optical systems in sequential mode and evaluating their behaviour in terms of parasitic effects in non-sequential mode.
This suggests that in the past, perhaps 3 million years ago, the ancestral waxwing was a host of a brood parasitic species, and retains the rejection behaviour acquired then.
In the parasitic wasp Lariophagus distinguendus, male courtship behaviour consisting of wing fanning, antennal stroking of the female antenna, and head nodding stimulates female receptivity leading to copulation.
