Our closest living relatives, the other great apes, do this mainly by grooming; touching and stroking each other's hair and bodies, often picking out unwanted parasites or debris.
The purpose of the concentration method is to separate parasites from fecal debris and to concentrate any parasites present through sedimentation.
During red blood cell lysis, hemozoin is released into the blood stream together with the parasite and cellular debris.
Contrast-enhanced CT image shows dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts in the right lobe, with periductal enhancement and intraluminal solid contents (debris, parasites), including bile stones and casts (arrows).
Intact parasites and large debris were removed by centrifugation at 1200 g for 15 minutes.
Intact parasites and large debris were resuspended in 10 ml SMDI buffer and disrupted once more by French press at a pressure of 1000 PSI, medium setting.
To remove parasites and cellular debris, trypomastigote suspensions were pelleted (30 min at 10,000 g) and supernatants were filtered through a 0.22 µm pore-size filter.
Another function of grooming is to remove debris, parasites, or other substances from the body surface (Sachs, 1988; Böröczky et al., 2013; Zhukovskaya et al., 2013).
The main obstacle in the present study was to clean parasite spores from cell debris and then to disrupt them without loosing too much antigen.
Samples were passed though a 425-μm sieve with ~1 L of bottled spring water; the suspension was then filtered through a pitchford funnel, consisting of an inner mesh of 80 μm to collect larger debris but allow parasite eggs through it and an outer mesh of 40 μm to collect the eggs.
