Mann-Whitney tests, a non-parametric substitute for Student's t-test, were used to compare between two samples.
Kendall's correlation coefficient, a non-parametric substitute for Pearson's correlation coefficient, was used to measure the significance of the correlation between two samples.
In parametric analyses, we substituted the value LOD/√2 for unreported metal levels.
To analyse differences between central tendencies, the Kruskal-Wallis-H-Test and Mann-Whitney-U-Test were used, which substituted parametric variance-analyses.
Thus the summary of results shows that the nonparametric method cannot substitute the parametric and copula-based approaches, but should be considered during any at-site FFA to provide the broadest choices for best estimation of the flood return periods.
The resulting exact parametric solutions are then substituted into the upper level distribution planning problem, which can be solved as a set of single-level deterministic programming problems.
Parametric designs are not a substitute for the careful selection of items for an empirical investigation.
However, the careful choice of items in each experimental condition cannot be substituted by adding parametric regressors to the statistical models at the high cost of interpretability of results.
To evaluate whether an allele-frequency estimate is significantly greater than zero, we require the log likelihood of the data given the fitted model, which from equation (2) is (4a) where and are defined as earlier with the ML estimates and substituted for the parametric values.
On the other hand, parametric bootstrapping involves sampling from a fitted parametric model, obtained by substituting the maximum likelihood estimator for the unknown population parameter.
Therefore, because individual LOD values were given, we used the median LOD of all samples and substituted the median LOD/√2 for LOD samples in parametric analyses.
