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Multiple sequence alignments were performed using ClustalW2 (; [ 64]) and the default parameters, refined by hand when necessary, and were visualized using JalView [ 65].

The model parameters were refined by full-matrix least-squares on F2 using SHELXL-2014/7 [35].

Helical parameters were refined by error minimisation between images and reconstruction projections (see methods).

The kinetic parameters were refined by using nonlinear regression.

All of the heavy atom sites were located on isomorphous or anomalous Patterson maps, and the heavy atom parameters were refined by the program SHARP [ 25].

The search for suitable studies is then based upon individual parameters and refined by specific criteria, such as treatment modalities, anti-cancer drugs, trial status and randomization type.

In some cases, a starting set of bond valence parameters is refined by least-squares to minimize the difference between the atomic valence of the central cation and the bond valence sums.

In a second step, the initially incorporated parameters were refined by comparing model predictions and observed data in the clinical trial by Samer et al. where PK profiles of 0.2 mg/kg single dose oxycodone and its 3 metabolites were monitored in different DDI scenarios.

Beam parameters are further refined by an optimization procedure that minimizes the difference between the Gaussian beam superposition and the highly oscillatory wave field in the energy norm.

(4) min ‖ Y − Xb ‖ 2   where   Y   and   Xb   are: d y d t | exp and   d y d t | p r e d The estimated values of the parameters were further refined by using generalized constrained nonlinear optimization (Matlab® function fmincon) where the objective (Eq. 5) was to minimize the weighted fit-error between the experimental and predicted metabolite concentrations.

Starting from initialization by saliency detection, the method alternates via updating the latent parameters, refining object segmentation and propagating appearance distribution among images.