for parallel elements, where β are the angles shown in Fig. 5, d is the perpendicular distance between the two parallel elements, see [3].
Parallel elements show that if one part of the system fails, there is an alternate success path, such as a backup subsystem for the successful performance.
Just as a vehicle's exchange capacity depends on its doors, some capacity constraints combine several parallel elements with similar functions, in particular corridors or stairways leading to platforms.
Results show a clear effect of contrast not observed in lateral masking paradigms or in 'pathfinder' stimuli, with higher contrast promoting within-frame grouping, and evidence of facilitatory interactions among parallel elements (although over a smaller scale).
The niches, of sizes fitting in a volume of 100 × 100 × 100 μm3, were made by an external containment grid of horizontal parallel elements and by an internal 3-D lattice.
In our model, an increase in the number of parallel elements occurs when either the P-D length of the LALI zone decreases ([45]; first figure of File S3) or its A-P width increases (Fig. 6).
In the dogfish, while there is no autopod (this being considered an innovation distinguishing fish from tetrapods), a limb bud that is expanded relative to those of birds and mammals produces an array of parallel elements [5], which while not true digits, assume a similar configuration (Fig. 5, left).
In addition, since parallel elements are connected in the same terminals, it is logical that they have the same voltage, therefore we can use the equation: V total = V1 = V2 = V3.
The stochastic damage model derived from the parallel element model is adopted to develop the uniaxial damage evolution function.
An unpumped SQUID acts as an inductance, the Josephson inductance, whereas a flux-pumped SQUID develops an additional, parallel element which we have coined the "pumpistor".
