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The retraction force of 0.5 N and intrusive force of 0.25 N were loaded perpendicularly and parallel to the teeth, respectively.
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The force was applied parallel to the tooth surface on top of each orthodontic bracket base, and the shear load was recorded at the point of failure.
In shearing, the bond is broken by a force parallel to the tooth surface.
After drying the teeth of any excess moisture with a soft tissue, they were positioned with the camera lens parallel to the tooth surface.
JE cells are uniform in shape (either flat or spindle) and aligned parallel to the tooth surface, containing large intercellular spaces due to relaxed cell junctions [ 1].
3.1, is insignificant for this study because the maximum SAW velocity on human enamel is in the direction parallel to the tooth axis [ 18, 19].
The cells in JE tissue were uniform in shape, either flat or spindle, aligned parallel to the tooth surface and the cellular junctions were loose with obvious intercellular space.
For the measurements on the WSL region, as illustrated in Fig. 3(b), we irradiated the line-source near the top edge of the tooth and allowed propagation across the lesion in the direction parallel to the tooth axis.
Peck and colleagues [ 19] repeated the investigation on the surface of human permanent molars and reported that the SAW velocity varied between 3075 ms−1 to 3142 ms−1 with the maximum velocity also in the direction parallel to the tooth axis.
Kushibiki et al. [ 18] used line-focused-beam scanning acoustic microscopy and measured the SAW velocity as a function of propagation direction on the labial surface of extracted human incisors and reported that the velocity value varied between 3105 ms−1 to 3155 ms−1 with the maximum obtained in the direction parallel to the tooth axis (i.e. the direction from crown to root).
An interesting aspect can be observed in the lip region of the upper jaw: in parallel to the tooth buds, bulges of the vestibular epithelium emerge suggesting a relationship between the regionalization (segmentation) of the dental epithelium and the vestibular epithelium.
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