It is clearly established that Atg2 and Atg18 function together in yeast, acting most likely in parallel to the Atg8 and Atg12 conjugation systems [ 39, 83].
The elongation of the limiting membrane and autophagosome formation requires two independent conjugation cascades occurring in parallel, the Atg5/12 and the light chain-3 (LC3, Atg8 in yeast) cascades [ 24- 26], both of which require a number of additional Atg proteins including the crucial ubiquitin E1-like ligase, Atg7 [ 27].
These parallels between eukaryotic meiosis and archaeal conjugation not only strengthen the idea that the former evolved from the latter, but that both serve the same purpose, repair of DNA damage, in particular DSBs.
It is unlikely that both enzymes acquired by chance another shared activity or function that is unrelated to conjugation of 4‑HNE, indicating that the parallel effects of disruptingmGSTA4-4 and gst-10 are indeed mediated by 4‑HNE.
A parallel decrease or increase of SUMO2/3 and ubiquitin conjugations could be observed in these two pairs of cells (Fig. 1C).
To determine the efficiency of conjugation the conjugation mixture was inoculated in parallel on cefotaxime + rifampicin and rifampicin.
In addition, levels of ABA-GE do not always vary in parallel to the change in ABA levels, suggesting that conjugation may be regulated differently in particular tissues and under specific conditions.
While conjugation may be considered a process of reciprocal fertilization, a parallel sexual phenomenon in ciliates, which takes place in single, unpaired individuals, may be considered a process of self-fertilization.
To investigate whether the E275C mutation provides any benefit for the conjugation reaction, AE21 was reacted with WT gp120 and, in parallel, with E275C.
This metabolic pathway involves glucuronide conjugation in the liver, a process that appears to decline in parallel with deteriorating renal function [ 22].
