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On the Lower East Side, P.S. 130 scored 5.1 on tests of word meaning and 4.7 on paragraph meaning.
In December 1941, sixth-grade students in P.S. 5 in Harlem (my alma mater) scored 5.2 on tests of word meaning and paragraph meaning.
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The text was divided into sentences and paragraphs (meaning units) that were condensed, abstracted and labelled with codes (see example in Table 1).
Thereafter, words, sentences and paragraphs (meaning units) related to each other by content and aim of the study, were identified.
If Leone emptied the West in his early movies, making Westerns that were mainly syntax and dead bodies, Eastwood, working in long paragraphs, put meaning back into the genre.
P.26 right column top paragraph: "For ribosomes (meaning the sum of 30S subunits and complete 70S ribosomes), the resulting estimated copy number ranges from ~30,000 to ~70,000 ribosomes per cell (42 cells, Fig. S6).
The number of possible paragraph combinations is 109,027,350,432,000, meaning no copy of the book will ever be the same, and every reader will have his or her own edition, to be read in that way by no one else before.
While the Articles did codify the term "The United States of America," it actually used the phrase "the United States in Congress assembled" in pretty much every other paragraph of the document -- meaning the central government (such as it was) was the states coming together "in congress" to decide things that couldn't be handled at the state level, such as treaties with other nations.
The words, sentences and paragraphs, i.e. the meaning units, representing anything that could be connected to the aim of the study, were identified according to principles which have been described by Tesch [ 20] and other researchers [ 21] as de-contextualisation.
The transcriptions were examined to identify issues and themes in the data, assigning codes to units of meaning apparent in each paragraph or sentence.
After an initial reading of all the available transcripts, 'units of meaning' in sentences or paragraphs were described in the abbreviated form of a code.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com