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Therefore we utilized estimated odds ratios in lieu of relative risk in the PAR calculation.
Our PAR calculation of perinatal mortality is comparable with calculations from Sweden (12%) and Scotland (16.5%) [ 8, 13].
The second approach, population-attributable risk fraction, was employed for categorical variables diabetes, physical inactivity and smoking: PAR calculation was stratified by age and sex.
The PAR calculation inherently assumes a causal relationship, which is yet unproven in the association of particulate matter and preterm birth.
Barnes et al. restricted their PAR calculation to post-menopausal women, and parity-related factors could thus be considered as non-modifiable [ 49].
However, a photoplethysmography-based hand-held device would be much less expensive than HCU, and an automated patient user-interface and PAR calculation algorithm allow for minimal operator training.
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Therefore, we used an RR of 1.26 for the county-specific PAR calculations and a range of RRs from 1.2 1.4 to estimate PARs for hypothetical populations.
In PAR calculations, the proportion of CKD prevalence that can be attributable to hypertension was 49.8% among Chinese, 42.6% among Malays and 44.4% among Indians.
For PAR calculations of potential risk factors, estimation of odds ratio (OR) for the full data set from the SeBCS, not a subset, was needed to get a small range for the 95%% confidence interval (CI).
The PAR calculations demonstrated that about 4 to 4.5% of all cases with an adverse perinatal outcome, and 12.5% of all cases of intrapartum and early neonatal mortality, can be attributed to the evening and night effect.
In contrast, PAR% calculations are suitable in addressing public health policy questions regarding appropriate interventions, population-based treatment strategies, and quality improvement efforts (6).
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