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This force is then modulated by a PAIRS coefficient, chosen so that the static deflection and time-constant are as expected.
Fig. 5 explores the PAIRS coefficient dependence on time-step and the method accuracy as a function of filament length and external force.
For this simple system we can find an analytical expression for the PAIRS coefficient (equation 9), which reveals that we simply recover the same master numerical equation as by a conventional approach.
Alternatively, one might adopt a scheme to actively determine the interaction density at each time-step and attenuate the force in equation 3 accordingly, i.e. an adaptive PAIRS coefficient scheme.
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In contrast, in the 'weak dominance' group of choice tasks the orthogonal design has five paired coefficient and standard errors that were jointly higher and lower than the corresponding pair in the efficient design.
The scalability of each item pair coefficient (H ij ) was defined by her as the ratio of the covariance of items i and j; and the maximum covariance given the marginals of the bivariate cross-classification table of scores on items i and j, that is, (2) H ij = C o v (X i, X j ) C o v max (X i, X j ).
Controlling for design induced alternative dominance indicates that the estimated results from choice tasks that contain fewer dominant alternatives provide more consistently paired coefficients and standard errors.
There was no difference in the between-pair and within-pair coefficients of variation for the behaviors, suggesting that the performance of these behaviors was independent of influences of other cows.
There were again no differences in the between- and within-pair coefficients of variation when using behaviors as replicates, either for the first 2 hours, during which time no treatments had been applied, or the entire 4 hours, when some cows had been prevented from lying down and feeding.
Weighting each pairs' kinship coefficient was achieved to assess the potential outcomes of the mating strategies on the next cohort.
All pairs of coefficients estimated using two subsamples are statistically different from each other at less than 1% level.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com