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Pairing was determined as previously described (Page et al., 2008; Joyce et al., 2013).
As in our previous work [ 9], the winner of any given pairing was determined based on the relative proximity that the two birds were able to maintain their respective habitual routes.
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The optimal pairing is determined using a combinatorial optimization method commonly used in graph-theoretic contexts.
The Förster radius of the phenanthrene NPP donor acceptor pair was determined as R0 = 2.47 ± 0.03 nm.
The radial distribution function (RDF) of the O O pair was determined to analyze the oxygen ion mobility using microstructure analysis.
Zygosity of the twin pairs was determined by SNP testing.
The efficiency of each primer pair was determined (between 0.96 and 1.1).
The number of CFU per kidney pair was determined after incubation for 24 h at 37°C.
Prior to experiments, the primer efficiency for each primer pair was determined with three different dilutions of the cDNA.
The specificity of each primer pair was determined by gel electrophoresis of cDNA products and efficiency was determined using known dilutions of cDNA.
Cycle number for each primer pair was determined individually so that amplification was in the exponential range and had not reached a plateau.
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