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Further improvement of the analysis was accomplished by considering the crash outcome severity of all the individuals involved in a crash and not just drivers, utilizing hospital data, and pairing the observations with and without road barriers along same or similar road segments to better control the unobserved heterogeneity.
In these analyses fish size (large or small) was used as the variable on which the repeated measure was undertaken (effectively pairing the observations; [42]).
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When twins are analyzed as individuals rather than as pairs, the observations and their error terms between members of a pair may be correlated.
9 To account for the natural pairing of the observations within each participant, and non-normal distribution of the outcome variables, we compared the outcomes between two devices (AWS vs DL) using Wilcoxon signed rank test.
For the AD spouse-control matched pairs, the observation period commenced six months before the index date and continued until both members of the pair had died or lost FFS eligibility.
In each duplex, at the X T base pair, the observation of strong interstrand cross peaks from X N1H to the C N H1 and C N H2 amino protons indicated that Watson Crick hydrogen bonding between X and C was intact.
However, because the data are paired, the two sets of observations are not independent of each other, and it is important to account for this pairing in the analysis.
Because the data contained paired and unpaired observations, the assumption of independence between observations did not hold.
Statistical comparisons were made by student's t test employed to calculate the significance between the paired observations.
A Bland and Altman plot was used to find the percentage difference between the paired observations.
32 33 The limits of agreement between repeated measurements were compared by t-tests of the absolute differences between the paired observations.
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