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Using different colours to identify the entries of (T_{ij}) which are either 1 or 0, the results of the comparison between each pair of counties is displayed in Fig. 5.
where δ and ϕ are location and time fixed effects, respectively, and ϑ is a "pair effect" (specific to period t) shared by a pair of counties in different states but with a border in common.
We consider the list of US counties as nodes for the commuting flow network, and for each pair of counties ((c_{i}), (c_{j})) we put a weighted link counting the estimated number of workers that live in one of them and work in the other.
We define t_{ij} = frac{1}{N_{ij}} sum_{A,B} frac{m_{A,i} m_{B,j}}{d_{AB}^{2}}, where (m_{A,i}) is the number of speakers of the primary language i in a country A, (d_{AB}) is Euclidean distance between each pair of counties (in kilometers), (N_{ij}) is the number of country pairs where i or j are spoken as primary language.
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This week's prize, generously offered by Doncaster racecourse, is a pair of County Enclosure tickets to St Leger day on Saturday 10 September.
This week's prize is a pair of County enclosure tickets to Doncaster for the St Leger a week on Saturday, on 12 September, kindly offered by the racecourse.
This week's prize is a pair of County Enclosure tickets to York for the last day of their Ebor festival, Saturday 20 August, when the Ebor itself is the feature race.
In return, the state acquired a pair of county roads that followed a routing parallel to that of the transferred section of NY 234.
Cheboygan is accessible by way of interchanges for C-64 and C-66, a pair of county-designated highways in this area.
NY 195 continued on to Lavery's Corner, where it intersected with a pair of county highways and turned east toward Lawrenceville.
Note: we calculated distances between pairs of counties and pairs of metros based on housing-unit tract-weighted centroids.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com