Children with neurological impairment express their pain with pain expression patterns and specific patterns common to children (change of tone, abnormal movements, spasticity, paradoxical reactions, such as laughter, self-injury or vasomotor dysfunction).
Pain expression was the most salient cue in this context.
Seventy-five undergraduates viewed virtual humans (VH) that varied in sex, race, age, and pain expression.
Idiographic analyses revealed that individuals used pain expression most frequently as a significant cue.
However, pain expression within this specific cultural group has not been extensively studied.
Understanding the concepts of pain and pain expression is an important aspect of nursing care.
Nomothetic analyses revealed that female, African American, older, and high pain expression VH were rated higher than male, Caucasian, younger, and low pain expression VH, respectively, on most of the five ratings.
The results show that pain expression for Somali women include verbal expressions that may be unique to the Somali culture.
There is evidence that caregivers' attachment styles and their way of management/expression of emotions can influence children's psychological profile and pain expression.
