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Patients with a previous experience of moderate/severe postoperative pain expected the postoperative pain levels to be high, although this expectation was not realized.
Patients with previous experience of postoperative pain expected higher pain scores (p < 0.01), though this was not actually experienced.
All informants described how it was necessary to plan the movements and activities in advance and all activities were valued in relation to the amount of pain expected.
In addition, assumptions were made regarding trial fixed costs, variable costs and the number of future patients with chronic pain expected to benefit from the proposed pharmacist prescribing and review intervention.
Pain control was considered reasonably indicated for pain when the animal was conscious; this applies to any pain expected to occur, such as after surgery or burns (as a general guide: would pain be expected if this were a human?) [ 8].
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The two NRS pain items measured the same latent trait as the WOMAC pain scale (expected pain score = 0.730, observed pain score = 0.738, p = 0.6 by chi-squared test) with no further local response dependency and DIF revealed.
Given the course and natural history of neck pain, we expected that pain, function and disability of participants in the attention-control group would regress to pre-treatment levels during the 10 months of the preventive phase.
According to the Consumers Health Forum, one in five Australians live with ongoing chronic pain and prevalence of pain is expected to only increase as the population ages.
The researchers asked the subjects to report how much pain they expected after each cue, and how much pain they actually experienced.
Future studies in which inclusion criterion are strictly limited to patients with discogenic pain are expected to elucidate the correlation between NGF and back pain in these patients.
Nine seconds after the painful heat stimulus, when no further pain was expected, a control cue was displayed for 5 seconds.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com