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In the applications the weekly outcome "number of days with pain" was analyzed in relation to the patients' "previous duration of pain" (categorized as more or less than 30 days in the previous year).
Back pain history included length of time since first back pain (categorized as less than one year, a year or more, unknown), ever had any intensive back treatments (i.e., injection, hospitalization, or surgery), and number of days of back pain in the last 3 months.
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Those with no pain were categorized into Pain group 0. The intensity of the pain experienced during the previous two weeks was rated by each participant on an 11-point Numerical Pain Scale (NRS) that ranged from 0 ("No pain") to 10 ("Pain as bad as it could be") [ 49].
To determine the cause of pain, rheumatologists frequently categorize pain into acute pain and chronic pain.
Pain intensity is categorized as no pain; mild pain (0); moderate pain (1); and severe pain (2, times when pain is horrible or excruciating) in the last 7 days.
Patient chest pain was categorized according to the presence of substernal chest pain or discomfort that was provoked by exertion or emotional stress and was relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin.
The association of BPI average pain scores categorized according to the optimal CPs with WOMAC pain scores supports the validity of the derived optimal CPs.
For 15 persons whose pain was categorized in person by 2 investigators, strength of agreement was also substantial (κ=.66).
According to the simple regression analysis, pain intensity (categorized into NRS group) showed a statistically significant correlation with "osteophyte" and "erosion" (Table 6).
Evaluation of the cause of pain was categorized into three different types of problem (category 1: non-smoothed marginal ridge or missing materials, category 2: deformation of attachments, and Category 3: deformation of the tray).
Redness, scars and pain were categorized as being uninjured.
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