The state of Punjab alone produces about 20 million tons of paddy straw.
The char samples were prepared from wood, paddy straw, palm kernel shell, and activated carbon.
Response Surface Methodology (RS M via Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis of paddy straw to improve ferulic acid extraction.
Thereafter, experimental mixture design was employed to study the influence of different carbon sources (e.g. wheat bran, wheat straw and paddy straw).
In the nearby states of Punjab, Haryana, and to some extent Western Uttar Pradesh, farmers have about three weeks to clear their fields of paddy straw in the fall so that they can plant wheat, their winter crop.
The BCs of amur silvergrass residue (AB), paddy straw (PB), and umbrella tree (UB) were applied to the soils at a rate of 30 t ha−1 and incubated at 25 °C for 90 d.
Hydrolysis of pretreated paddy straw using the crude hydrolytic enzymes (15 FPU/gds) of A. niger SH3 at 40 °C resulted in maximum sugar yield (375.84 ± 0.23 mg/gds).
Three planting times viz., mid-September, mid-October and mid-November and three mulch materials viz., black polyethylene (50 μm), clear polyethylene (50 μm) and paddy straw (10 cm thickness) were tried with three replications in a split plot design.
Five agronomic practices (each with four replications) were tested Thai farmer practice (TFP) as the control; Thailand recommendation (TR); Sri Lankan farmer practice (SLFP); Sri Lankan new recommendation (SLNR); and Thailand recommendation with paddy straw mulch (TRM)—each practice was composed of different tillage methods, seeding rates, mulching and seed inoculation (with Rhizobium).
The paddy straw mushroom (VV) was cultivated on Se-rich paddy straw collected from seleniferous sites.
Similar protocol was followed for non-Se paddy straw.
