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Villages of the Wet Zone interior also contain smallholdings monocropped with rubber or coconut and terraced paddy land.
Then, the spatial distributions of dryland shifting to paddy land were determined considering △AAT.
The evapotranspiration in the extreme size of paddy land was relatively small and the groundwater level also decreased relatively slow.
The field monitoring recorded the decreasing groundwater level, which was coincided with the expanding area of the paddy land.
The analysis showed that the expanding paddy land decreased the groundwater level at 0.17 m/yr during 1997 and 2012, which posed new challenge on regional water management.
Tiwari et al. (2006) has classified and indicated degrading trend with Soil Quality Index of Paddy land (Khet) 0.23 out of 1.0.
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This study reports on an evaluation of one such program - the Paddy Land-to-Dry Land (PLDL) program - that operated between 2006 and 2015 and involved an incentive payment to farmers to cultivate spring maize instead of paddy rice.
The Paddy Land-to-Dry Land (PLDL) program was a 10-year long (2006 2015) agricultural engineering program, initiated jointly by Beijing and Heibei Province, that was designed to increase urban water availability and improve household livelihoods in local farming communities.
However, PLDL involving 100% of paddy lands also increased the sediment export by 17.22%, and eliminated rice production in the region.
The results showed that the total nitrogen export could be reduced by 42.07% and water yield can be increased by 5.61% after converting 100% of paddy lands to dry land, thereby greatly improving the water quality and increasing the water yield of Erhai Lake.
By comparing the four PLDL scenarios for converting just 50% of paddy lands, the residential participation scenario was identified to be the best choice for PLDL implementation because it achieved the best level of water purification and had the smallest negative effect on other ecosystem services.
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