The pacification forces control just 26 of Rio's roughly 1,000 favelas.
In the period of "pacification by force," up to the 1880s, a large number of Aborigines were killed.
Suharto, by then a colonel in the new national army, took part in the pacification of rebellious forces in South Sulawesi, where his troops earned a reputation for extreme brutality.
He vowed to drastically increase troop strength, ramp up spending on an array of military related programs such as mobile special forces, pacification teams, intelligence operations, and to beef up military aid to Pakistan.
Founded in 1972, just a year after Nixon launched the War on Drugs, the NBPA has been an anemic force for pacification.
With Rio set to hold a number games in the 2014 World Cup, and host the Summer Olympics in 2016, Prof Pereira says these events are definitely the force behind the pacification programme, and it should "on balance" be welcomed.
Various forces hindered religious pacification.
Despite the program's success, many criminal experts have said the community police forces, known as police pacification units, are only half the solution.
Pavao-Pavaozinho is one of the poor districts of Rio that has been part of a police "pacification" programme, in which the security forces move into an area in an effort to wrest control from the drug traffickers who run it.
