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Node B (Indian Ocean vs. West Pacific): Closure of the Indonesian Seaway.
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Nodes C and D (Indo-Pacific vs. Atlantic Ocean): Closure of the Tethyan Seaway.
Pacific-type deep-water radiolarians also disappeared around 2.75 Ma, which is attributed to the intermittent occurrence of deep anoxic environments and limited migration from the North Pacific, resulting from the near-closure or shallowing of the northern strait by a eustatic fall in sea level and tectonic uplift of northeastern Japan.
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A notable reduction in primary productivity from 2.3 to 1.3 Ma also suggests that the nutrient supply from the North Pacific was restricted by the near-closure of the northern strait.
In contrast, Brandano et al. (2010) account the Oligocene Miocene volcanic activity in the western Mediterranean region and the closure of the Indo-Pacific marine connection as main trigger for increasing surface-water productivity in the central Mediterranean.
The isolation of Caribbean populations from their Indo-Pacific counterparts started ~15-17 ~15-17n the closure of the Tethys Sea cut off connections between the Maditerranean and Indo-Pacific [ 10]. Isolation whencomplethe~3.45 - 4.25 Ma when the rise of the Isthmus of Panama severed all closurean cofnecthens Tethys Indo-Pacific [ 11].
This contrasts to previous studies above (Ujiié et al. 2003) where the Kuroshio Current is interpreted to be deflected away from the Okinawa Trough into the Pacific at 24 °N due East Taiwan Channel closure during the LGM (Fig. 2).
The divergence between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific clades of 16.1 (24.5 7) mya (Miocene) coincides with the Tethys Sea closure, suggesting a vicariant model of divergence, with the Indo-Pacific clade diverging from the Atlantic clade in the Indian Ocean and later dispersing to the Pacific basin.
The divergence between Caribbean and Indo-Pacific Acropora species is thought to substantially pre-date the closure of the Isthmus of Panama [ 41]and may be as deep as the mid Eocene (37 42 Ma) [ 42].
These include Eastern Pacific vs. Atlantic species (whose divergence could be the result of the closure of the Central American Seaway), Indian Ocean vs. West Pacific species (Indonesian Seaway closure), Atlantic vs. Indo-Pacific species (Tethyan Seaway closure) and amphi-Atlantic species pairs (spreading of the Atlantic Ocean).
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