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Parameters studied were chemical type (oxidising, alkaline and acidic), reagent concentration, cleaning temperature and soak time.
In oxidising alkaline solutions, the surface silicon oxide layer reached a limiting thickness value with time, related to oxidation/dissolution stationary behaviour.
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Few traditional papermaking techniques reported in East Asia utilised oxidising, highly alkaline or highly acidic chemicals, with the exception of the use of caustic soda [32, 33], which could result in pH values above 9, which was not observed in our study (Fig. 7).
Another interesting observation in this study was that the oxide layer showed a pronounced permeability to ions and oxidising agents in alkaline media, while this phenomenon vanished in acidic solutions.
In addition, it is a challenge to maintain chemical and mechanical stability of the catalyst and supporting materials at oxidising currents under the strong alkaline conditions commonly used, and under gas evolution.
The oxide scales on Ti-alloy with and without pre-oxidation, oxidised at 300°C in an alkaline steam for approximately 13 000 h, were studied by SEM, XRD, XPS and in situ AES techniques.
The first step involves gelation of alginate in a solution of ferrous ion, the second step involves the in situ precipitation of ferrous ion by alkaline treatment, and the third step involves the oxidation of ferrous hydroxide using oxidising agents such as O2 or H2O2 [ 80].
The oxidation of sulphite on a platinum electrode under alkaline conditions appears to follow a catalytic reaction mechanism where weakly adsorbed sulphite is first oxidised to a strongly adsorbed sulphite radical in the rate-determining step.
But alkaline destroys antioxidants.
Beets are an alkaline vegetable.
Seawater, however, is alkaline.
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