There are many known thiol-oxidation outcomes that are reversible by BME, including disulfide bonds, nitrosothiols, sulfenic acids, and glutathiolated cysteines (Chung et al., 2013).
Accordingly, the intracellular marker for oxidative stress, 8-OxoGuo, a widely used marker of RNA oxidation, predicts outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes (26); this marker is also present in patients with HFE (27).
Aside from carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl reduction, protein oxidation brings about another outcome, alternation of water holding capacity (WHC).
There he worked on photosynthesis and, like most biochemists of his generation, quickly adopted the idea that metabolism was the outcome of oxidation and reduction reactions that were coupled inside cells.
A primary outcome of oxidative stress is oxidative damage to proteins, including the mispairing of cysteine residues to form non-native disulfide bonds as well as the oxidation of cysteine thiols with small molecules, which prevents disulfide bond formation.
Sulfoxide exchange with the oxodisulfonium intermediate 27 presents an intriguing possibility that the stereochemical outcome of the oxidation process could occur under thermodynamic control.
The reversibility of the oxygen-exchange reaction suggests that the stereochemical outcome of the oxidation reaction may be under thermodynamic control, which potentially presents a novel strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of sulfoxides.
The particle size distribution of crushed pyrite samples importantly affects the pyrite's reactivity [11],[22], and variation in the relative abundance of the different size fractions, and/or the morphology of pyrite grains can significantly alter the outcomes of pyrite oxidation or dissolution experiments [40].
Alleles of BiP that mimic the phenotypic outcomes of BiP oxidation (Kar2-C63D/F/Y/W) are unable to function effectively as the only copy of BiP in cells during standard growth conditions.
Therefore, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a functional outcome of both the oxidation capacity and the consumption rate of antioxidants during oxidative stress [ 1, 2].
