These results indicate that the capacity of C. thermocellum for ethanol production is strongly influenced by intracellular reduction-oxidation balance.
Genes predicted to increase ethanol secretion upon deletion were either involved in reactions affecting reduction-oxidation balance or in reactions producing acetate.
Therefore in our reconstruction, we required that the glycosome be both energy balanced (ATP production balances ATP consumption) and reduction-oxidation balanced (NADH production balances NADH consumption).
The glycosome of T. cruzi is thought to be relatively impermeable to metabolites, especially to adenine nucleotides and NAD(H) [ 30]; thus, this compartment must be both energy and reduction-oxidation balanced.
Whole body protein turnover (Ra, leucine rate of appearance; NOLD, nonoxidative leucine disposal; and Ox, leucine oxidation), nitrogen balance, and substrate oxidation were assessed at rest following each dietary intervention period.
Muscle contractility is sensitive to reduction-oxidation (redox) balance, such that elevated levels of oxidants can suppress muscle-specific force (see ref. 33 for review), and there is now compelling evidence that oxidative stress plays a major role in VIDD (10, 13, 14, 15).
The reported studies show that exterior coercive conditions can break the oxidation-reduction balance, causing the change of carbohydrate metabolization in the rice plant, leading finally to the emergence of chalkiness.
Oxidative stress is characterised by an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupts the intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox) balance and has been implicated in various diseases including cancer.
