Writers, artists and musicians were found to have a smaller corpus callosum, which may augment their creativity by allowing each side of their brain to develop its own specialisation.
According to our interviews, in the hospital, the individual medical doctors comprise the core in the efforts to exploit the discoveries of regenerative medicine, and thus to legitimise it in their own specialisation areas, and so far, there has only been few champions for these efforts.
We calculated the degree of each hospital's orthopaedic specialisation by building on methods developed for identification of physician owned specialty hospitals.
14 15 More recently, hospital specialisation has gained favour in the United States with the development of physician owned specialty hospitals that typically focus on single diseases or procedures, such as heart disease or orthopaedic surgery.
39 The relation between hospital specialisation and patient outcomes has received relatively little attention outside analyses focusing on the small number (<150) of physician owned specialty hospitals currently operating in the United States.
For one thing, only nation states (and to some extent the EU) have the democratic legitimacy to make the value trade-offs central to most important policy decisions; and, for another, every country has its own distinct areas of specialisation and commercial interests.
In the mid-19th century, Richard Owen, superintendent of natural history at the British Museum, decided that his area of specialisation needed its own space, and so he set about making his argument – on paper, in letters and in campaigns.
Based on this and on our own findings, we suggest that specialisation that results in reduced competition with other exploiters leads to modularity in bacteria-phage bipartite networks at finer taxonomical scales.
And other leading companies, such as Dell, Cisco and Microsoft's Xbox division, have never even bothered to open their own manufacturing facilities.Once started, these processes of specialisation are self-reinforcing because of the dynamics of modularisation.
Snow, married to a novelist and with friends working across all disciplines, was critical of the limits of rigid specialisation – a problem Hustvedt recognises from her own life: "In the last decade or so, I have repeatedly found myself at the bottom of Snow's gulf, shouting up to the persons gathered on either side of it".
Starting anew from their own endogenous potential, rural areas are called on to develop "smart specialisation" based both on their territorial capital and local actors' capability to act together to put in place successful strategies.
