Smad3 null mice exhibit improved and more rapid healing of deep tissue wounds, possibly as a result of reduced inflammatory cell infiltration [ 41], but conversely, Smad3 deletion impairs cardiac infarct scar formation, owing to impaired fibroblast function [ 36].
The first-phase insulin response is characteristically absent or severely blunted in people with T2DM, owing to impaired β-cell function 7, 9– 11.
The high-risk genotypes of TCF7L2 SNPs rs7903146 and rs12255372 are strongly associated with reduced insulin secretion, possibly owing to impaired response to incretins [ 10, 11] and impaired beta cell function [ 10, 12, 13].
Unresolved ER stress owing to impaired UPRER underlies, at least in part, the anti-tumor action of HCD.
Indeed, cerebellar defects owing to impaired Purkinje cell development have previously been attributed to abnormal Bergmann glial cell function in mice (Colucci-Guyon et al., 1999), and Bergmann glial cells were distinctive components of the observed reactive gliosis of the PEX13 brain mutant cerebellum.
Mice lacking FGF23 have elevated phosphate levels owing to impaired phosphate excretion, and exhibit features associated with ageing6.
All four Beatles were war babies, and blessed by two strokes of luck: their fathers were either in reserved occupations or, in the case of Jim McCartney, excused the call-up owing to impaired hearing.
Importantly, owing to impaired differentiation, the decrease in mitochondrial activity was less pronounced in GSK690-treated C3H-10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells, and might be regarded as an increase relative to vehicle-treated cells (Supplementary Fig. 9a).
Insulin resistance is characterized by reduced glucose uptake by target tissues or cells (adipose, muscle, liver) owing to impaired insulin signaling transduction and/or glucose transporting ability.
Knockdown of ANO6 inhibited lumen formation of MDCK cysts owing to impaired apoptosis of luminal cells.
