In late winter, as air temperatures rise above the freezing point, river ice begins to melt owing to heat transfer from above and to the action of the slightly warm water flowing beneath.
In addition, higher temperatures will cause spikelet sterility owing to heat injury during panicle emergence ([Satake and Yoshida, 1978]).
As is widely recognized, the temperature dependence of threshold voltage (Vth) is a parameter when integrated circuits often operate at an elevated temperature owing to heat generation.
The spiral microreactor geometry allows preheating of the cold inlet owing to heat exchange with the hot products flowing in co-current direction in the adjacent channel.
It was also revealed in recent years that the heat conductivity of crustal materials is much lower than previously thought under high-temperature conditions, and, hence, the crust may be partially melted owing to heat generation by crustal deformations such as orogenic movements (Whittington et al., 2009).
It is shown that, even at moderately low Biot numbers, the temperature across the compound fiber is not uniform owing to heat losses; for the cases studied here, the temperature non-uniformities are mainly a function of the Biot number, the thermal conductivity and the pre-exponential factor and activation energy of the viscosity law for the cladding.
Incomplete ablation also frequently occurs at treated tumor margins owing to heat dissipation by neighboring blood flow or incomplete coverage of large, irregularly shaped tumors by the ablation field.
E L, E rad, and E ad are the entropy production rates owing to latent heat release, radioactive heating, and conduction along the adiabat, respectively.
This suggests that the Cu pillar is ruptured under a lower voltage of less than −1.5 V, and it is owing to joule heating by random stress.
