As mentioned in the text, F IJ ≠ F JI owing to biases.
Other inconsistencies may arise owing to biases, errors and the homogeneity of diet within individual population groups (Hankin, 1993; Kaaks and Riboli, 1997a).
There has been disagreement on the observed mortality and survival differences between patients whose breast cancer was detected by mammography and those whose breast cancer was detected outside screening, owing to biases in the statistical analysis [ 30- 33].
Comparison of outcomes after different treatments should be interpreted cautiously owing to biases inherent in the types of study included, and lack of direct comparisons to enable the estimation of relative treatment effect.
In our experience, such a qualitative comparison can give insightful information for comparing metagenomes because the number of reads assembled into a contig may not always reflect a truly random sample from the community metagenome, owing to biases that may result at the sampling, sequencing or assembly level.
We argue that previous studies did not fully evaluate children's use of colour owing to a bias in the enclosures' design.
The surface of PSS could be damaged by recoil argon ions, though, owing to higher bias voltage (200 ~ 400 V) of RF sputtering system and a short distance from the target to the sample.
The presence of pain over speed bumps may have been overestimated in some patients owing to recall bias.
It is important to recognize that spurious heterogeneity can occur owing to publication bias wherein only those series that, by chance, have false-positive results are published.
However, it is of great importance to mention that they differ in quality, with some having significant methodological flaws--mainly owing to selection bias and retrospective study design.
