Negative binomial regression analyses were performed for the dependent variables proactive and reactive aggression and the independent variables (a) the four cognitive distortions, (b) overt and covert subtypes of the cognitive distortions, and (c) agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Another limitation regards the low reliabilities of the eight subscales measuring the overt and covert cognitive distortions, which was probably due to the limited amount of items covering each subscale.
The formula 100[Exp – 1] provided the percentage change in number of peer nominations for each unit increase in the predictor variable (Agresti 2002 Nextt, a distinction was made between cognitive distortions about overt antisocial behavior and covert antisocial behavior (Model 2, Table 4).
Overt-referential distortion relates to actual overt behavior but not to covert behavior, whereas covert-referential distortion relates to actual covert behavior but not to overt behavior.
As for proactive aggression, additional analyses were conducted with the cognitive distortions in reference to overt versus covert antisocial behaviors (Model 2, Table 4).
More recent research has shown that there is a high degree of behavior-specificity of cognitive distortions with respect to these overt and covert behavioral referents (Liau et al. 1998; Barriga et al. 2008).
Indeed, ChrY is not essential to life, and large deletions in the long arm of the murine ChrY have no overt phenotypic effects except on spermatogenesis and sex ratio distortion [ 5- 7].
Again, when controlling for the others distortions, results demonstrated that self- centered cognitive distortions about overt antisocial behavior were a significant positive predictor.
Therefore, reactive aggression was proposed to be related to the cognitive distortions 'assuming the worst' and 'blaming others' with respect to overt, but not covert, antisocial behaviors.
At the time of setting up the experiment, however, these facilities were not available and there was a general consensus that the process of opening and closing the mouth during overt speech in the scanner would lead to artifacts from head motion and susceptibility distortions from the airflow through the mouth.
