Because multiple males and females were in each field enclosure, the differences reflect some unknown combination of overt female choice, coercive (i.e., sneak) mating by males, male male aggression, sperm competition, and female sperm sorting (Magurran 2005).
In a not-so-subtle bit of patriotism, Tsonga is wearing a tricolor outfit in bleu-blanc-et-rouge, perhaps the most overt home-team clothing choice since Jennifer Capriati wore a star-spangled top at the 2004 U.S. Open.
Further, in many taxa, the success of mating attempts ultimately relies on female consent [ 44], and thus; females may still exercise choice despite overt male aggression [ 41, 42].
These findings imply (1) today's products encourage a sub-optimal "one size fits all" approach, (2) heuristic search methods and parameters should be carefully selected based on the system being optimized, (3) weaker searches abort early along the OVERT curve, and (4) improper choice of methods and/or parameters can reduce optimization benefits by 22 33%.
(E and F ) Overt changes of mind on free-choice trials with no barrier changes.
Like the filmmaker's visual choices, the addition of this overt political theme seems meant to lend both an aesthetic gravity to the narrative and to give it some kind of ethical resonance.
It is creating a binary choice, where both the answers are surveillance, only overt or covert, when that shouldn't be the choice at all.
Participants in this study were queried regarding 24 overt sexual activities and were offered a choice of up to 5 categories for each sexual activity.
However, the choice of modality for use in overt OGIB has not yet been clearly established.
In many species, males can use overt aggression as a tactic to circumvent female choice [ 37- 39].
In addition, Thimm, Weidner, Fink, and Sturm (2012) have recently shown that the BOLD activations generally associated with free choice need not be associated with overt movement.
