The conspiracy theorists also appear to have point when it comes to suggestions of overt bias against Sanders by the Democratic National Committee and party loyalists.
Such overt bias is perhaps less hypocritical than in the UK and the US; after all, the best we can do is to try and be fair, rather than pretend that journalists are unbiased.
In a statement Monday, Joseph J. Lhota, the authority's chairman, strongly defended the agency's conduct, and accused the comptroller's office of "overt bias against the M.T.A. and Apple".
In the presence of overt bias, propensity score methods have been proposed as alternatives for estimating treatment effect.
Analytical adjustments, such as matching, are used to remove overt bias, that is, pretreatment differences that are accurately measured and recorded.
"It is generally easier to start with physics and maths, and learn the biology afterwards," says Kording. "But," he warns, "if people do not enter biology before the age of 25, they are very likely to approach the problems with an overt bias towards the mathematical perspective".
Rather, it addresses the study's overt bias coupled with its various intellectual and structural weaknesses.
"So there's not much evidence to suggest there's any overt bias against potential female candidates.
While it's good that overt bias is no longer acceptable, it is a more insidious challenge for people today to eradicate unconscious bias.
And prosecutors hide behind the closed doors of a grand jury to conceal their overt bias in favor of police officers and against young black men.
