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Many adolescents who live or work on the streets like Anton face the increased and overlapping risks and vulnerabilities to HIV infection.
Although the government has taken important steps forward in containing the spread of HIV, the national prevention programme is fragmented, and the overlapping risks and vulnerabilities affecting most at risk populations need to be urgently addressed.
Notably, 14 of the 15 cities listed by the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America as the "most challenging places to live with asthma" were in areas that had overlapping risks of ozone and ragweed.
Although further divisions based on aetiology of infection or an underlying risk factor, such as malnutrition or HIV status, may be an attractive approach in risk stratification, significant difficulties in disease definitions and often overlapping risks makes this approach very difficult.
Funding and program mandates for environmental health studies should be expanded to include pathogens in order to capture the true scope of these overlapping risks, thus creating more effective research investments with greater relevance to the complexity of real-world exposures and multifactorial health outcomes.
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Although various overlapping risk factors exist between cerebrovascular incidents and cardiac incidents, stroke therapy has largely neglected the cardiac pathological consequences.
Another explanation is that the association between early cannabis use and educational attainment is not causal, but the result of overlapping risk factors that increase the likelihood of both early cannabis use and disengagement from education.
Another model of overlapping risk factors is the dimensional account of ASD by Ronald et al. (2006).
Overlapping risk factors for both AD and vascular disease support a role for systemic microvascular dysfunction in the pathologic changes that occur during AD pathogenesis.
These findings may provide clues into the etiology of all three conditions and may point to overlapping risk factors or treatments.
In both cohorts, overlapping risk profiles of ideators and attempters may indicate that ideators should be carefully evaluated and monitored, particularly those with depressed moods, alcohol/substance abuse disorders, and inadequate treatment continuity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com