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The mobile devices always select the APs with the longest connection time due to the severe handoff overhead, such as association and DHCP latency.
The frequent handoffs, however, involve very high overhead such as association, authentication, and DHCP latency [3, 6, 9, 10].
The re-association overhead is reflected by the second term.
Note that the re-association overhead should be considered only when a handoff occurs.
The re-association overhead is set to 2 s (c = 2).
Thus, we express the re-association overhead as c · ∑ j ∈ J i ∩ J i - 1 r ij · x ij · ( x ij - x i - 1 j ) + ∑ j ∈ J i - J i - 1 r ij · x ij.
In other words, if the AP j used in interval i-1 is continuously used in interval i (i.e., xi-1j = x ij ), then there is no re-association overhead.
Compared to the handover procedure, it is expected that the additional overhead to exchange the association information is not a heavy burden.
Particularly, the offline optimal with future AP information improves the performance of local optimal by up to 10%. a The handoff overhead usually consists of association delay, IP acquisition delay (DHCP delay), and ARP lookup delay [9].
Overhead signs read like word association lists: the word "Wonka" floats above the chocolate counter.
Magnetic-field exposure during the year of birth is unlikely to be the whole cause of the association with distance from overhead power lines that we previously reported.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com