Rather than overestimating data fabrication, the method of Kuriakose and Robbins "very likely underestimates the true extent of the problem," says Michael Spagat, an economist at Royal Holloway, University of London, who has investigated high-profile cases of possible data fabrication in war zones.
Both methods gave unbiased and precise estimates of all population parameters when data were MCAR or MAR, wheras the estimates of CLmale and CLfemale were overestimated when data were MNAR (Tables I and II; Figs. 3, 4 and 5).
As shown in Fig. 9, the selected α opt from the DP method is sometimes small or large (because of the underestimated or overestimated echo data noise level) that leads to an undersmoothed or oversmoothed solution.
The model overestimated the data in this pH range which may relate to the fact that it was not equipped with a code allowing for the calculation of equilibrium concentrations of GLU surface species formed by polar interactions, e.g. hydrogen bonding.
Taking EOO data for most species groups and assuming no seasonal influence on presence/absence (i.e., migration), especially for birds, is likely to have overestimated richness data.
Even so, there is a possibility this proportion was overestimated, as data for one-quarter of the women were missing, possibly indicating lack of work in these women.
For many years the frequency of complicated CD has been overestimated with data ranging up to 10% of the total number of celiac patients.
Bonakdari et al. (2008) showed that both models overestimate experimental data when the aspect ratio is small and suggested a new relation.
As can be seen in Table 1, the mean is strongly distorted by the extreme values, tending to overestimate the data.
An ideal ion current signal would result in a perfectly normal distribution; however, careful analysis shows significant deviation from a single Gaussian (black curve) for the electrical signal at the peak of the function, where the Gaussian fit overestimates the data.
