Nonetheless, the New York Department of Corrections and Community Supervision (NYDOCCS) systematically approached the challenge of using these agents, and their experience serves as a lesson that prison medical services can overcome substantial barriers to care.
The combined efforts of academia and industry were able to overcome numerous substantial challenges: the target was not yet validated in vivo, the viral lifecycle was poorly understood, no robust preclinical models in cell culture or animals were available, and no structure of the viral protease had been solved.
To be clear, there is an important role for speculative revise and resubmits for papers that have a promising core but substantial challenges to overcome in order to clear the bar for publication.
There still remain, however, substantial challenges that need to be overcome in order to achieve a large-area assembly in a simple, cost-effective, and reproducible manner.
Despite the substantial challenges that need to be overcome for successful drug development, a plethora of novel therapeutic opportunities are indicated.
Whereas serosurveys have been successfully conducted in developing countries with pediatric immunization schedules that follow EPI guidelines, 5, 6 little information exists on how to overcome the substantial logistical challenges that such efforts entail, particularly in rural regions.
But changing rhythm can have substantial challenges.
Nevertheless substantial challenges remain.
It is possible that the great labs, with great scientists, the best equipment and substantial funds, could overcome the considerable challenges that exist and resurrect smallpox right now.
But it has overcome greater challenges before.
