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To overcome selection bias, controls typically are selected from the same source population as that used for the selection of cases.
Twin designs can help neighborhood effects studies overcome selection and reverse causation problems in specifying causal mechanisms.
Some recent studies used different methodological approaches to overcome selection bias and reverse causality problems, thus isolating the 'pure' effect of education on teenage fertility.
PSM was done to overcome selection bias.
The third method involved computerized interactive morphometric (CIM) assessment to overcome selection bias.
IPCW is a well-established approach in randomized and observational studies to overcome selection biases.
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Thus, the hallmarks of cancer described above are the result of cancer evolution as it overcomes selection barriers.
The low frequency of progeny overcoming selection is consistent with a highly complex, unique genetic solution, e.g., the segregation of 9 10 independent loci.
In some geographical regions, notably Northern Europe, the patterns of divergence between marine and freshwater populations of threespine sticklebacks appear less distinct than in other regions, possibly reflecting gene flow overcoming selection [ 18, 19].
In this context it is noteworthy that ISS was also initially developed within the framework of medical audit and afterwards used in epidemiology for its ability to identify patients with severe injury, overcoming selection bias [ 28] and reducing the potential for epidemiological analyses confounded by injury severity.
Despite strong direct selection against preference evolution, the LD created by multiple preferences may increase indirect selection enough to overcome natural selection and allow preferences to persist despite costs.
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