Sentence examples for overall substitution from inspiring English sources

Substitution rates at the 3 codon positions, relative to the overall substitution rate, of sub-genotypes B5, C2 and C4 since 2008.

Finally, mitochondrial genome data should allow for determination of the overall substitution rate in beaver mitochondrial DNA, which allows retrospectively investigating and dating population genetic processes.

In the Bayesian framework, priors are assigned not only on times, but also on the overall substitution rate parameter μ and on the rate-drift parameter σ2.

Overall, substitution scores of Mendelian disease and cancer somatic mutations are lower than those of polymorphic variants, suggesting deleterious and harmful effects when they occur.

For locus gmk, the K80 plus Gamma substitution model was employed where Gamma indicates that, in addition to the substitution matrix determined by the model for specific nucleotide pairs, a gamma distribution was also applied to determine the overall substitution rate at each nucleotide site [24].

Two priors, the overall substitution rate (rgene gamma) and the rate-drift parameter (sigma2 gamma), were set at G (1, 7.9) and G (1, 1.0), respectively, using the strict molecular-clock assumption with a 75 MA constraint (a result of Azuma et al. [37]) on the divergence between Takifugu rubripes and Tetraodon nigroviridis.

Overall, fluorine substitution has a positive effect on the electrochemical performance of layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2.

In an approach to increase the overall TMS substitution level as well as introduce these groups on the bisphenol segment, both TMPSf and TMPPSf were cleanly brominated to a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.0 for bromine.

Also, this elasticity focuses on one narrow category of workers rather than on labor overall, so substitution possibilities may be greater.

Scheme 2. The overall nucleophilic substitution process involves direct displacement of 2 Cl- ions by 2-NH2-Pym (Schemeheme 3), with the observed rate expressed as : Scheme 3. Rate = {k 0 + k 2 [PdN,N/ Cl20 [Pd(N,N/)Cl2] = k obs [Pd(N,N/ Cl2], with, k obs = k 0 + k 2 [2-NH2-Pym]0 and k 2 = k/K.

This would then slow the rate of fixation of slightly deleterious mutations, which would result in a reduction in the overall nucleotide substitution rate.