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Moreover, numerous natural forest sites in Northern Mongolia have degraded over past decades and the overall forest area has decreased (Hansen et al. 2013; Khishigjargal et al. 2014).
P. abies is the major tree species in Austria representing 54% of the overall forest area (Republic of Austria, 2008) and, due to its economical importance, it is often preferred by the management, even on sites where it would not be the major species in terms of PNV.
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Overall, the forest area has gradually declined, while the area under shifting cultivation and sedentary agriculture has expanded.
This deficit is currently met by overharvesting inaccessible forests and illegal harvesting in protected areas, thus diminishing the overall forest and woodland area.
Forest area and overall C stock estimates also differ between the two simulated estimates.
Greater browsing intensities increase the impact on basal area and displace overall forest composition further from control conditions.
To assess mechanisms causing forest fragmentation, we investigated changes in following quantitative parameters describing forest fragmentation: (i) forest area density (Pf), (ii) overall forest connectivity (Pff), (iii) anthropogenic fragmentation (Pfa), and (iv) natural fragmentation (Pfn).
Applying the LSMA-derived metric to study forest changes, our study region experienced a net 15.0% loss of 1995 forest area, and a 7.0% overall reduction in the total forest-occupied land cover from 1995 2011.
Planted forests constitute only 7% of the global forested area, but contribute to a significant proportion of overall forest goods and services (e.g. up to 35% of industrial roundwood supply).
Overall, from 1973 to 2000, the percentage of forest area decreased from 61 to 56%%, agricultural area decreased from 25to24%4 %, and the combined developed and mining areas increased from 11 to 17%% of the ecoregion area.
Overall, we found that the area-weighted net forest area change rate in the conterminous US's unprotected forests was about −0.45% per year, compared to the −0.08% per year in the protected forests for the 9-year study period (Table 1).
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