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The differences in the effects of each type of exercise were subtle, she says, while the effects of exercise — any exercise — on overall cognitive function were profound.
Consequently, the NEAR group showed significant improvement in overall cognitive function, and in comparison with the control group, these findings were generally similar except for motor speed.
Most studies did not show significant differences in overall cognitive function or only showed a difference in a single cognitive test between the two procedures.
The effects of glutamate positive modulators on cognitive deficits were evaluated for overall cognitive function and eight cognitive domains by calculating standardized mean differences (SMDs) between active drugs and placebo added to antipsychotics.
Both Alzheimer's disease type pathology (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) and evidence of atherosclerosis and infarcts are common in autopsy specimens from the brains of patients enrolled in longitudinal prospective cohorts; the relative contribution of each of these to overall cognitive function is unclear.
Glutamate positive modulators were not superior to placebo in terms of overall cognitive function (SMD=0.08, 95% confidence interval=-0.06 to 0.23) (11 studies, n=858) nor each of eight cognitive domains (SMDs=-0.03 to 0.11) (n=367-940) in this population.
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The general ability factor is a universal empirical finding, a robust measure of overall cognitive functioning, and also the locus of much of the age effects on cognition (1).
Participants completed diagnostic interviewing and self-report measures of depressive symptoms, overall cognitive functioning, and cognitive flexibility before and after the program.
Practice effects were blocked by hypoxia but occurred in sham for information processing speed (+ 30%), executive function (+ 14%), psychomotor speed (+ 18%), reaction time (+ 5%), cognitive flexibility (+ 14%), and overall cognitive functioning (+ 9%; all p < 0.05).
Regarding overall cognitive functioning, the three-group comparison yielded no significant difference in results from the verbal and performance parts or from the WAIS-R summary score (Table 5).
Treated patients with long-standing BD and controls did not differ significantly in overall cognitive functioning and verbal learning, recall, and recognition; regardless of whether lithium had been part of the treatment.
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