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The central equation of Marx's analysis is the ratio of surplus value over the subsistence wage portion of value produced, to which latter Marx assigns the rather vague and unsatisfactory label of "variable capital," or "v": hence, s/v.
Informal payments may help push health workers' salaries over the subsistence level, but at the expense of making them unhappier.
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However, poor contaminated water can be threaten to health, more over to the subsistence of the biotic integrity and therefore hinders the ecosystem services and functions of aquatic ecosystems.
Mean DO concentration of integrated and commercial ponds were lower than 1 mg/L, from 02 00 to 06:00 h, in 68 % of observations; whereas the subsistence systems were always over 1 mg/L during the same periods.
Thus, the subsistence theory seemed to fit the facts.
Moreover, the subsistence character of farming curtailed internal trade.
The "subsistence" wage itself might rise, for example.
The fact that the subsistence level of market- and home-produced goods are positive implies that the income effect dominated over the substitution effect when productivity was low.
At the same time, the subsistence was altered.
Each of these is standardized by taking the country value as a percent of the range of the most extreme values for any participating country over the past 20 years compared to subsistence value: ([country value – subsistence value]/[maximum value – subsistence value]).
Over decades of subsistence, the behaviors of aging foragers became routinized, their motor movements automated and their expertise ingrained to a point where they no longer necessitated the first-rate working memory they possessed when younger and learning actively.
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