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Part of the debate over the hypothesis during the last dozen years has centered on determining the best orbital analog to the Holocene among prior interglaciations, all of which must have been natural (non-anthropogenic) in origin.
Elevated PON1 activity or levels may contribute to increased HDL-C levels, but controversy exists over the hypothesis that genetic variation in the PON1 gene locus modulates HDL-C levels and responses to statin treatment.
Thus an anti-epiphenomenalist stance would require us to prefer the hypothesis that simple sensations cause (relatively) complex neural events over the hypothesis that complex neural events (that are required in any case for the causation of sensations) are adequate to cause the neural events required for the causation of behavior.
The large number of CNV shared between divergent DTU supports the genetic exchange hypothesis over the hypothesis that the shared CNV arose due to homoplasy.
If all sequences sampled in the future follow the same pattern, this rules out polyphyly and casts serious doubts over the hypothesis of multiple hybridizations in the past [ 12].
We favour this interpretation over the hypothesis that a common milieu may have given rise to two clonally independent, but pathogenetically identical, breast carcinomas (Imyanitov et al, 2002); if this was a relevant mechanism in breast carcinogenesis, pathogenetically similar bilateral breast carcinomas should be the rule, not the exception.
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More precisely, we may be uncertain over which prior probability distribution over the hypotheses is right.
Assume the prior probability $P(h_{\theta})$ over the hypotheses $h_{\theta} \in M$.
Jeffrey (1992) has proposed so-called mixed Bayesianism in which subjectively interpreted distributions over the hypotheses are combined with a physical interpretation of the distributions that hypotheses define over sample space.
This response starts with the same idea as hierarchical models: rather than considering a single prior over the hypotheses in the model, we consider a parameterized set of them.
The inference runs from a so-called prior probability distribution over statistical hypotheses, which expresses the degree of belief in the hypotheses before data has been collected, to a posterior probability distribution over the hypotheses, which expresses the beliefs after the data have been incorporated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com