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To this end, a variety of organic and inorganic scaffolds, insoluble physical microenvironments, that can mimic the ECM have been developed to have precise control over stiffness, surface topography, shear forces, degradability, and retractability.
Cell culture platforms such as sandwich cultures [17], [18], gels [3], [23], [24] and cell derived 3-D matrices [20], [25] [27] mimic the 3-D environment of a cell, but they do not allow for the control of cell shape, often have limited control over stiffness, and thus cannot be directly compared to the adhesive area of cell contact and matrix rigidity found in 2-D culture systems.
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The observed response variables are compared with design values obtained using the mechanical model employed in Eurocode 3. The model is seen to predict the mode of failure well, but to over-predict stiffness and under-predict moment capacity.
These two variables usually provide control over the stiffness of the gel but not over whether it is "brittle" or "elastic"; such properties are determined by the rigidity of the gelling agents themselves.
Independent control over scaffold stiffness and pore size was obtained.
This is not surprising since during indentation averaging over the stiffness' in all directions occurs.
The concentration of this polymer, its UV exposure time, and its thermal gelation before UV exposure allow for control over hydrogel stiffness and swelling properties.
The improvements in buckling capacity of variable over constant stiffness designs are shown and verified using nonlinear buckling analysis in the commercial FEM software AbaqusTM, and the mechanisms of improvements are investigated.
Farah has a slight labral tear in his hip which can lead to over-compensation and stiffness in his groin.
As the music washed over them, their stiffness melted, as they slowly began to sway their shoulders and clap.
We demonstrate that by creating hybrids from auxetic and non-auxetic phases one can obtain considerable increase in stiffness over the stiffnesses of the phases.
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