High salinity typically compromises carbon fixation, leading to the over reduction of light-harvesting complexes that cause production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ozgur et al. 2013; Hamed et al. 2014).
Stability of peptides and immunological uncertainties of novel structures require particular consideration as well as the need to avoid over-reduction of blood glucose into hypoglycaemia.
Pre-treatment of the catalyst with only hydrogen and nitrogen resulted in a lower conversion of 1-hexene, selectivity and yield of primary products, possibly due to over-reduction of the active tungsten surface phase.
FeOx having 0.01% of Ru loading exhibited 100% selectivity toward CO resulting from the very strong interaction between Ru and adsorbed H, which limits the desorption of the activated H species and hinders over-reduction of CO to CH4.
Oxidative stress in plants causes ferredoxin down-regulation and NADP+ shortage, over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, electron leakage to oxygen and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
If over-reduction of NO to NH3 took place, or if H2S was produced, it was important these undesirable species were converted to NOx and SOx in the catalytic oxidation stage.
Photoinhibition of PSI can occur under two scenarios: (1) over-reduction of the PSI acceptor side and (2) electron transport from PSII to PSI (Sonoike 2006, 2011).
In chloroplasts, ROS may cause over-reduction of the electron transport chain, limit CO2 fixation, and interfere with the photosynthetic process.
For example, the PGR5-dependent CEF pathway is essential for the photoprotection of PSI because it increases the fraction of oxidized P700 and prevents over-reduction of the acceptor side (Munekage et al. 2002, 2004).
Thus, the membrane processes must be balanced to maintain high efficiency in the conversion of energy and to avoid the over-reduction of photosynthetic electron chain in conditions with different nitrogen supply (Tóth et al. 2007).
